The Rise of Russia

Ivan IV;Ivan the Terrible

1.) Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization.
The Mongol control of Europe never reshaped Russian values. Rulers became interested in tribute over a full government. Russian landlords adopted Mongol style and social habits. In spite of all of the Mongol influence in Russia, many stayed with Christianity. Mongol occupation made Russia's economy weaker by decreasing trade and manufacturing. Russia soon became dependent on agriculture and slave/serf labor. The effects the Mongols brought to Russia made a need for reform. Mongols decreased literacy rate among the clergy.

Ivan III; Ivan the Great

2.) Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans.
Ivan III claimed succession from the Rurik Dynasty. Rurik was the original founder of Russia. By 1480, Ivan had freed Moscow from any Mongol payment and acquired territory from the Polish Lithuanian Kingdom to the Ural Mountains. Ivan III was know as Ivan the Great. He believed that Russia was the third coming of the Roman Empire. Ivan IV succeeded him. He was known as Ivan the Terrible. Both of the Ivans recruited peasants to scope out newly captured lands. They were called cossacks. Their spirit for adventuring through the new lands kept the expansion coming. Russia's early expansion got rid of independent central Asia (nomads). Flat plains made territory easy to acquire. Ivans gave nobles land and estates in new territory.

Peter the Great

Leader Analysis Sheet

Name of Leader: Peter I, Peter the Great, Peter Romanov
Lifespan: 1672- 1725	Title: Peter the Great
Country/region: Russia	Years in Power: 1689- 1725
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Mongols weakened Russian economy Russia became mainly agricultural and relied on slave labor Society had adopted Mongol style and social habits Russia was led by the Ivans who were descendants of the Rurik family They sought to expand territory- focused mainly on the West Romanov family took power after Ivans – Michael Romanov established internal order Alexis Romanov gained powers over the Russian church
Ideology, Motivation, Goals: Peter the Great sought to expand West- led the first westernization movement Autocrat- absolute monarch- believed in divine right Didn’t support the idea of parliaments- military expansion over commercial strength Sought to Westernize Wanted to adopt culture and economic development from Europe But he didn’t support everything in the West- he enforced his own laws before the Western ones he wanted to adopt
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: Capital moved from Moscow to Baltic Sea- St. Petersburg Increased manufacturing of ships for his trading ports Wanted Russia to adopt Western practices and make Russia part of the West- Westernization Built Russia into a Western cultural zone Didn’t want to take part in creating the export economy- wanted economic development to support the military Strengthened the Russian army, elimated power of old noble council Developed Russian navy
Short-Term effects: Russia became a major power in Europe Established trading ports on Baltic and Caspian Seas	Long-Term Effects: Founded St. Petersburg Romanov family ruled Russia until the revolution in the 20th century Established trading ports on Baltic and Caspian Seas

Catherine the Great

Leader Analysis Sheet

Name of Leader: Catherine the Great, Catherine II
Lifespan: 1729-1796	Title: Monarch
Country/region: Russia	Years in Power: 1762-1796
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power: Russia was led by the Ivans who were descendants of the Rurik family They sought to expand territory- focused mainly on the West Romanov family took power after Ivans – Michael Romanov established internal order Alexis Romanov gained powers over the Russian church Peter the Great begins to Westernize Russia Began to adopt Western ideas and threw out Mongol ones
Ideology, Motivation, Goals: Based her ideas off of Peter’s Defended powers of central monarch Sought to continue Westernizing Russia from where Peter the Great had left off Elightened despot- person promoting welfare of state thru centralization
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power: Instruction of 1767- document showing that she was a selective Westernizer Used Pugachev Rebellion as an excuse to extend powers of central government in regional affairs Partition of Poland eliminated Poland as an independent state- government was weak- expanded Russia’s territory Continued to Westernize Russia and adopt Western culture Territory continued to expand as well as the power of the military and navy Gave power to nobles, moving backwards towards feudalism *
Short-Term effects: Russia won independence Had a strong central state Developed a more Western culture in Russia	Long-Term Effects: Established Russia as a major world power Russia became more involved European affairs

NOTES:

Serfdom:

• After the fall of the Tatars, peasants needed aid due to their debts. This forced them to turn their attentions toward the nobles who could actually help their debts.
• Serfdom allowed the government to regulate the peasants through the nobles to insure that no rebellion would arise.
• By the 1800 half the population were serfs while the other half owed obligations to the state.
• Serfdom began developing into a form of slavery
• Peasants also had to pay high taxes or obligations to the state.
• Serfs were stripped from everything- were only allowed to farm
• Serfs born into lifestyle- basically like slaves

Trade and Economic Dependence:

• The economy still struggled as serfs produced goods because they never overproduced to stimulate the market
• Russia traded furs and other goods in parts of central Asia in order to provide enough revenue.
• Russian expansion created population growth and during the 18th century 36 million people had lived in Russia.
• Agriculture suffered due to landlords stealing from the serfs. This discouraged the serfs from overproduction which in return had affected the Russian economy.
• Manufacturing lagged behind compared to the West.

Social Unrest:

• Landlords were becoming too powerful causing problems for serfs and peasants
• Radishev criticized the backwardness of Russia's regime, he claimed that Russia should abolish serfdom.
• Peasant rebellion had occurred such as the Pugachev rebellion.
• Pugachev's forces roamed around Europe until they had finally been put down by Catherine

Russia and Eastern Europe:

• Russia still could not recreate the societies of Europe even after rebuilding their societies and areas in the west of Russia began becoming more influenced by Europe.
• In the Balkans under Ottoman control, trade grew and new cultural ideas and exchanges were circulating.
• Poland and Slovak regions began new fundamental discoveries such as the Scientific Revolution.
• Poland had declined in 1500, the largest state east of Europe, Polish life continued, but economic and political changes grew apparent